The development of incandescent heat bulbs can be pushed forward to 1850, that is, Joseph Wilson Swan obtained the first patent in 1878, and achieved the first commercial bulb, even as an art lamp source developed by Humphry Davy as early as 1805 As a result, the innovation of tungsten filament light bulbs, combined with nearly 60 years of research and development before and after, saw the results of today's commercialization of tungsten filament light bulbs.
The era of innovative LED lighting officially launched
Today, more than 100 years later, we have entered the era of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Although the invention of white LEDs was only 19 years old, the materials tested have not been more than 6,000 kinds of Edison, coupled with the openness of knowledge and technological progress in the 21st century Talking about innovation at the time may not be easier than in the 19th century, but the pace of LED commercialization has actively entered the market, and even many products have quietly ended the short market life. Although countries such as global warming and energy-saving trends have forced or banned incandescent light bulbs, it is still expected that incandescent light bulbs will continue to exist around you and us for several decades.
From the above two examples of innovation, innovation may be easily inspired by inspiration in the surrounding life and generate significant value in the commercial market, but the innovation of the light bulb is enough to be called a difficult project of system integration application.
The design of LED lighting system does require a very active investment in talents, equipment, and innovative thinking ideas and practices in order to achieve the purpose of innovation. However, there are few LED lightings that can be regarded as innovative today, because to create a product, it is necessary to throw away the old thinking and burden, and take into account the commerciality of the market, which is often prohibitive. And any innovation must first be combined with product analysis and investigation, as the basis for the success of commercialization. In addition, the achievements of innovation must be protected by patents to protect its value and commercial interests. To achieve this goal, the support of resources behind it is considerable.
So far, most LED lighting designs are either modified, plagiarized or called reverse engineering, or they want to take a shortcut to development and apply existing lamp specifications. Perhaps it is because of lack of integration, due to technical bottlenecks, only the shape changes, or the LED lighting market has not been standardized and the market scale is not yet mature, resulting in the majority of improved lighting products produced by market testing and experimental thinking. Of course, some LED lighting products, to some extent, still add convenience, improvement or novelty in use requirements. To a certain extent, it cannot be said that innovation has not been achieved, but in the near future, if LED system lighting can occupy a place in the commercial market and continue to thrive, it is indeed necessary to integrate the layout and execution capabilities of innovation to face more stringent future. Market challenges.
The current innovation must be based on meeting the needs of the mass market and creating a large amount of commercial value. The innovative design of the niche market has been vigorously developing, but let's call it a product designed with artistic value higher than the actual application value.
Because LED lighting is not solely based on technical indicators, and the function of lighting itself is not entirely for the need to illuminate and brighten. Of course, innovation includes the breakthrough in the integration of opto-mechanical and thermal technology. In addition, consumers must also take into account the visual, The sense of value such as touch. At present, the LED table lamps, table lamps or projection lamps that are frequently tens of thousands of NT dollars still need to be presented behind the products to express innovative interactions that express visual innovation, tactile value or achieve spiritual sense through control. LED prices are not too expensive, but because of the added value of design innovation after commercialization.
The application range of LEDs is extremely wide, and the related problems and development directions for innovative design of lighting application systems are now discussed one by one.
Different lighting applications have very different LED performance requirements
In order to expand the acceptance of the LED light source market, it is necessary to meet the functional requirements. Not every LED lighting source must pursue the highest luminous efficiency, the lowest price, the highest color rendering, the longest life, etc., but depends on the application. There are differences. Now let ’s talk about the general office work lighting, reading lighting and the future home bulb replacement lighting market in indoor lighting.
The first pursuit of LED light source is to achieve the best cost performance, in the case of safety, get the highest lumen output, the smallest power consumption and the lowest price. Because for consumers, compared with other traditional light sources, it is one of the main motivations to buy the most economical products at the least cost. As for whether the added value of marketing without ultraviolet rays, mercury-free, high color rendering, and 50,000 hours of life is not the main reason for expanding market acceptance. Of course, the brand represents a certain degree of quality trust. In addition, the visual sense will also affect the color preference. Therefore, how to innovate and design LED light sources suitable for the market needs will be a technical topic to be discussed.
The luminous efficiency of LED light sources has so far surpassed most of the traditional light sources (Figures 1 and 2). Only a small number of low-voltage or high-pressure discharge light sources can be more efficient, but in terms of power control and driving, volume and temperature Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The following will explain each link of LED lighting system design.
Figure 1 Evolution of LED luminous efficiency from 1995 to 2020
Figure 2 LED lighting niche market
Innovative process / AC LED realize high-efficiency chip
At this stage, LED epitaxial chips on the market, whether they are Cree's vertical components, Philips Lumileds' flip-chip components or Nichia, Epistar's planar components, etc., in order to optimize the performance of the chip itself, do not In addition to using different substrates (light transmission and thermal conductivity considerations) with the efficiency of the optical reflective layer (reflecting light); upper / lower roughening structure (changing reflection and refraction to increase light output); circuit mask design (increasing light output area to improve current) Distribution density to reduce the driving voltage and increase the light extraction efficiency); the adjustment of the optimized chip size; plus the adjustment of the variation of the epitaxial process parameters to achieve the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of the chip, and to study the materials and processes in each process Provide a way to increase conversion efficiency.
As for which structure is the best innovative design? In terms of luminous efficiency, perhaps vertical components are better; but in terms of the manufacturing costs of general office task lighting, reading lighting, and the future household bulb replacement lighting market in indoor lighting, Taiwan ’s current flat chip is far superior in cost performance Big foreign manufacturers. In addition, the application structure design innovation at the chip side, in addition to the improvement of the process to innovate the overall chip benefits; the birth of alternating current (AC) LEDs, so that LED lighting applications not only have DC chip series and parallel options, but also can be directly driven by AC mains Therefore, the problems of transformer cost, product internal space, different drive circuit specifications, transformer efficiency loss and quality life can be reduced, which greatly simplifies the problems of module and product design. However, other problems arising from the innovations currently facing the consumer side of the market have also followed. One is to produce unfamiliar doubts about consumers caused by innovation, and hesitant to be timid in consumption behavior. This consumer group may not be the end consumer. , But the mid-to-downstream buyers in the LED lighting product supply chain, who are hesitant about the product due to strangeness, unaware of AC, or uncertain about product risks, and dare not innovate in product development; the second is Innovation makes consumers wait and see, but it makes the early adopters in the consumer group excited. However, the first two issues can clarify doubts through innovative design and rigorous testing methods in the LED midstream and downstream supply chain, thereby creating product market segmentation and competitive advantage.
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