Electric power diagrams are typically divided into two main types: the primary circuit diagram and the secondary circuit diagram. The primary circuit diagram illustrates the physical connections of the main electrical equipment, such as generators, transformers, circuit breakers, motors, reactors, power cables, busbars, and transmission lines. This diagram provides a clear view of how these devices are interconnected to form the main power flow path.
The secondary circuit diagram, on the other hand, is designed for controlling, measuring, and protecting the primary equipment and its associated circuits. It includes components like measuring instruments, control switches, relays, signaling devices, and automatic control systems. These devices work together to monitor and manage the operation of the primary system, ensuring safe and efficient performance.
There are three main types of electrical diagrams: system schematic diagrams, circuit schematic diagrams, and installation wiring diagrams.
1. System Schematic (Block Diagram): A system schematic, often referred to as a block diagram, offers a simplified and clear representation of the overall structure and key components of an electrical system. It uses basic symbols or blocks with labels to show the main elements and their relationships, making it easier to understand the general layout and function of the system.
2. Circuit Schematic: Circuit schematics can be either centralized or expanded. In a centralized schematic, components are drawn in a compact form to illustrate the internal working principles and structural relationships. When interpreting this type of diagram, it's important to identify which coils are involved, which circuits the contacts belong to, and how they change after a relay operates.
Expanded schematics provide a more detailed view by separating different parts of the circuit—such as AC current, AC voltage, and DC signal circuits—based on the coils and contacts of each component. Each component's current, voltage, and contact points are labeled consistently. In an expanded diagram, the AC circuits are usually arranged in the order of U, V, W, while DC circuits follow the sequence of the relays. When reading an expanded diagram, it's helpful to start from the top-left corner, move from left to right, and refer to the notes on the right side of each loop, first reviewing the AC section before moving to the DC part.
3. Installation Wiring Diagram: An installation wiring diagram is based on the principle of the circuit and serves as a crucial reference for on-site maintenance. It shows the actual positions, shapes, and connection relationships of all components. Unlike schematic diagrams, it uses a relative labeling method to indicate how components are connected in real-world installations.
Reading electrical diagrams effectively requires a solid understanding of basic electrical and electronic principles, including the functions and operating mechanisms of various devices. Familiarity with common circuit configurations—such as overcurrent, undervoltage, overload protection, control, and signaling circuits—is also essential. Understanding the sequence of operations and how contacts change during device activation helps in accurately interpreting the diagram and troubleshooting when needed.
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