The White House released a much-anticipated report in May this year entitled "Preparing the Future of Artificial Intelligence" (reply "White House" can download the Chinese version of the report). The report, published by the Office of the President and the United States Committee on Science and Technology (NSTC), is a 58-page report that examines, records, and advises the way the US government responds to artificial intelligence in the future.
Produced by NSTC's Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Subcommittee, the report talks about "inter-departmental collaboration, advising on technologies and policies related to artificial intelligence, and tracking artificial intelligence technologies in industry, research, and federal Development between governments."
The NSTC held five seminars and issued a public “Information Call†notice. The committee made formal recommendations based on the information obtained. As stated in the report, "In the past few decades of research, efforts to achieve general artificial intelligence by expanding narrow artificial intelligence have not yielded much results."
The 23 formal recommendations can be summarized into the following 7 points. This is a good guide for anyone who cares about artificial intelligence. These 7 points will have a significant impact on the future technological development of the United States. In order to make better use of these new opportunities, everyone in the industry should be familiar with these 7 points.
1. The application of artificial intelligence should be beneficial to the public.
Artificial intelligence is helping the public, for example in the areas of health care, transportation, justice and the economy.
A typical case is the use of artificial intelligence for traffic management, which will greatly reduce waiting times and drive carbon emissions reductions by up to 25%. For animal protection and research, photos posted by visitors to social media can be analyzed by artificial intelligence to better track animal migration. In the future, we will also see a stronger judicial system, including crime reports and bail sentences.
So how do we do it in the future? The US government recommends that both government and non-government agencies invest in how artificial intelligence can help specific businesses and industries. They also plan to create an open source artificial intelligence training database to ensure that everyone can get the necessary technology in a new era.
2. The government should embrace artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence will improve human efficiency, so all departments should accept artificial intelligence. The US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has developed an education system that provides digital instructors for naval recruiters. The US government's recommendation is that all government agencies should introduce such digital instructors.
At the same time, the US government announced more federal support for artificial intelligence research. Civil society will be the main driving force for development, but government departments need to invest more energy in under-investment-based research and conduct long-term research in areas that are not of interest to the public.
3. Auto-driving cars and planes need to be regulated
The development of this new regulatory requirement is due to two reasons: to protect the public and to ensure fairness in economic competition.
Automated cars and airplanes need to be clearly regulated in the short term. Safety standards for current vehicles should be updated to cover autonomous vehicles. All parts of the United States and federal laws need to be adjusted to support the development of such new things. In addition, the US government should invest in the development and deployment of advanced automated air traffic management systems.
Establishing appropriate regulatory measures means finding industry veterans to envision and enact new laws. The government will set up a multi-dimensional federal working group to ensure fairness.
4, grab from the doll
Many people may have heard the speech of President Obama on how to empower the next generation. Obama suggested that all American students, whether in kindergarten or high school, should "learn computer science and use computer thinking skills to arm themselves in a technology-driven world."
The United States will establish and maintain a team of researchers, including computer scientists, statisticians, database and software programmers, librarians, and archivists with specific data science knowledge.
This is not only about the teaching of artificial intelligence, but also how to use artificial intelligence safely. From this perspective, schools and universities should introduce technical ethics and topics related to security and privacy in the education of artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer science, and data science.
5. Use artificial intelligence to supplement manpower instead of manpower
According to the report, “A robotic study covering 17 countries in 2015 showed that from 1993 to 2007, robots brought about 0.4% GDP growth per year to these countriesâ€. However, the outside world is also worried that artificial intelligence will replace labor, especially for low-income jobs, and may widen the income gap. Although the report does not clearly indicate how these issues should be resolved, the report believes that solutions in this area should be explored. The report’s suggestion is that this issue should be carefully studied and solutions found.
Cases show that artificial intelligence can work best with artificial cooperation. This is to determine from the photo whether there are cancer cells in the lymphocytes. The report states: "The artificial intelligence-based method has an error rate of 7.5%, while the artificial expert has an error rate of 3.5%. If the two are combined, the error rate can be reduced to 0.5%."
6, eliminate the bias of the data itself, otherwise do not use these data
The use of data should be fair, reasonable and accountable. Artificial intelligence is trained in a closed world, but will then be used in an open world. Such changes need to be considered and planned in advance.
Take the judicial system as an example. Machine learning can be a huge help in this area. The report pointed out: "The biggest concern about big data is the lack of data, or the lack of high-quality data." If the data is incomplete or biased, then artificial intelligence will amplify the problem instead of fixing the problem. No one would hope that the machine would judge the safety risk of aviation flight in the absence of sufficient information.
Another area where data bias can cause problems is the screening of job applications. In the UK, it is considered illegal to reject a job seeker based on computer judgment.
7. Consider security and global development
This is perhaps the most important of the entire document: in the long run, concerns about super-intelligence, or general-purpose artificial intelligence, should not affect current policies.
This advice allows for trade secrets, but it is not a covert operation. The report points out that if competition drives commercial laboratories to be kept secret, then monitoring the development of artificial intelligence will ensure that ethical standards will be more difficult. In this regard, the report recommends defining milestones and documenting whether the company has reached these milestones. This will not only ensure trade secrets, but also keep track of the development of artificial intelligence.
The US government has also proposed a plan to track the development of artificial intelligence in other countries. Through international cooperation in artificial intelligence, the US government will develop a cross-government strategy. In addition, the US government will produce a list of related topics to ensure international participation and supervision. It is specifically mentioned in the document that Japan, South Korea, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and Italy are potential partners.
For companies, the most critical aspects of this report may be financial plans that support artificial intelligence ethics and artificial intelligence training; public milestones that require corporate involvement; and new standards of responsibility for artificial intelligence developers. Overall, the report expressed optimism about artificial intelligence, and the future is very clear. Artificial intelligence is here, and the United States will embrace artificial intelligence enthusiastically, but it will also maintain a certain degree of caution.
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